Arm and Elbow Conditions in Children (Pediatrics)

Children are naturally active and adventurous, which makes them especially prone to injuries and conditions affecting the arms and elbows. Whether from playground falls, sports activities, or congenital differences, upper extremity issues in children require careful evaluation and specialized care. Because children’s bones, joints, and soft tissues are still developing, even seemingly minor injuries can have long-term implications if not properly diagnosed and treated.

Among the most common elbow injuries in children are fractures, particularly supracondylar fractures, which occur just above the elbow joint and are most frequently seen in children ages 4 to 8. These injuries can be serious due to their proximity to nerves and blood vessels, and they often require prompt medical attention to avoid complications like stiffness, deformity, or impaired circulation. Other types of elbow fractures include lateral condyle and medial epicondyle fractures, each presenting unique challenges depending on the child’s age and stage of bone development.

In addition to fractures, children may experience overuse injuries such as little league elbow, which affects the growth plate on the inside of the elbow due to repetitive throwing motions. Conditions like nursemaid’s elbow (a common injury in toddlers caused by a sudden pull on the arm) can result in a dislocated radial head and require gentle reduction by a healthcare provider. Other less common but notable conditions include osteochondritis dissecans, both of which affect the capitellum of the humerus and can cause pain and limited motion in young athletes.

Congenital differences such as radial longitudinal deficiency, syndactyly, or hypoplastic thumb may also impact the arm and elbow. These conditions are present at birth and can range from mild to complex, often requiring coordinated care from orthopedic surgeons, genetic counselors, and rehabilitation specialists.

Because the pediatric elbow contains multiple growth centers and is composed largely of cartilage in early childhood, imaging and diagnosis can be more complex than in adults. Pediatric orthopedic specialists often use comparative X-rays, MRIs, or arthrograms to ensure accurate assessment.

At HSS, our pediatric orthopedic team is dedicated to providing expert care for children with arm and elbow conditions. From fractures and sports injuries to congenital differences and chronic disorders, we offer comprehensive evaluation and treatment tailored to growing bodies. Use the links below to explore specific conditions and learn more about treatment options available to your child.